The exterior, divided into three parts in both length and width, is clad in white and pink stone. The three main doors are surmounted by Moresque arches. The prayer hall, or sanctuary, is square with two lateral naves and an apse at the back, where the Aron Hakodesh, decorated with Venetian style mosaics, is located. The walls are decorated with Moorish arabesques highlighted with gold, and geometric patterns, by the painter Giovanni Panti. The central dome (47 metres on the outside and 34 on the inside), is situated directly above the intersection of the two wings.
The dome is divided into sections; wooden grilles protect the windows and the central opening that lets light into the room.

The pews, the podium, the pulpit, and the bronze lamps were all designed together and were made by leading Florentine craftsmen.
The synagogue is considered one of the most beautiful buildings erected in nineteenth century Italy.

The decorations and the architecture itself were inspired by Italian and foreign models, so that the Florence synagogue, in addition to being an extraordinary living testimony to the history of the Jews of Florence, is also a perfect example of European innovations in art and architecture of the period.